The National Academy of Medicine’s 2017 Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Symposium, which took place on November 27, 2017 and was co-hosted by the University of Michigan, reflected on the critical issue of pain and the opioid epidemic. Speakers and panelists reviewed how we can use the wealth of epidemiological, clinical, and basic science information about the biology of pain and addiction to stem the opioid epidemic; what can be done now; and what can be done moving forward.